Death Anxiety: How It Impacts All of Us
Although largely unconscious, the awareness of our finite
existence, the fact that we all must die, has a profound impact on our
thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The fear and emotional anguish associated
with anticipating the end of life are so painful that we must protect
ourselves. People find it difficult to tolerate facing their mortality
directly, therefore, they repress the full realization of death and dying, and
develop various defenses to keep the suppressed material at bay. As existential
psychologists Victor Florian and Mario Mikulincer (2004) rightly observed, “The
paralyzing terror produced by the awareness of one’s mortality leads to the
denial of death awareness and the repression of death-related thoughts."
Most people would say they rarely think about death.
Nevertheless, on an unconscious level, cognizance of our eventual demise
arouses feelings of death anxiety that influence significant aspects of our
lives and motivate many of our actions.
Empirical studies by Terror Management Theory (TMT) researchers have
demonstrated that people alter their behavioral responses and increase their
reliance on specific defense mechanisms when their death salience is
experimentally aroused.
In one experiment, after subjects were subliminally
presented with the word “death,” they more strongly endorsed the worldview of
their own ethnic group or nation while, at the same time, they denigrated
members of other groups whose worldviews differed from their own. (Solomon, et al,
2015). In another, judges who were exposed to the word “death” administered
more punitive sentences than judges in the control group who were not exposed.
If the single word “death” introduced subliminally in an experimental setting
can produce significant changes in subjects’ attitudes and actions, one can
only imagine the powerful effect of countless events in the real world that remind
people of their mortality.
The Child’s Awareness of Death
In general, the concept of death and the realization of a finite
existence evolve gradually as a child matures. Young children, some as early as
two years old, become aware of the fact of death—for example, when a pet dies
or when they learn of the passing of a relative or close family friend. Between
three and six years of age, children become conscious of the fact that their
mother and father are vulnerable to death (Kastenbaum, 2000). Eventually,
children realize that they, in fact, cannot sustain their own lives.
At this point, the world that they originally believed to be
permanent is turned upside down. The dawning awareness and subsequent terror
that they must die are intolerable and are necessarily repressed. Regardless of
when this discovery occurs, it effectively destroys the child’s illusion of
self-sufficiency. Even though defenses are instituted to block the awareness of
death from consciousness, children’s fears are preserved in their entirety in
the unconscious. Thereafter, the suppressed fear of death continues to exert a
significant influence on the personal life of the developing child and, later,
the adult.
Effects of Death Anxiety on the Individual
When their death anxiety is aroused, people tend to become
increasingly defensive in ways that are harmful to themselves and often to
others as well. Even though they may initially respond positively by embracing
life more fully, over time, most people usually retreat to a more defended
posture. As they deny death to protect themselves, they lose perspective,
giving importance to insignificant issues in their lives while failing to value
other relevant and meaningful influences.
Many people tend to live life as though they will never die and can
afford to squander their most valuable experiences.
Defensive reactions to death have a demoralizing effect on
the individual. Tragically, many people end up losing their spirit and
excitement toward life. They gradually become more rigid and controlling,
thereby diminishing their range of experiences. They begin to entertain cynical
or hateful attitudes toward self and others, give up interests that once
excited them, and become progressively less joyful and more depressed and
futile about life.
Most people embrace a religious dogma to maintain the hope
or promise of an afterlife. In fact, belief in religion represents the most
powerful denial of death. Some individuals over-intellectualize about the
subject of death, taking a more philosophical position to keep themselves one
step removed from feeling about their own mortality. Others find yet another
solution: they believe that someone will ultimately save them—a relationship
partner, a guru, or a political figure.
Some defenses against death anxiety have beneficial side
effects; for example, the symbolic immortality that is fostered by the
imagination of living on through creative works in art, literature, and
science. Finding lasting meaning in devotion to family, friends, and people at
large, and attempting to leave a positive legacy generally has a good effect.
Other defenses, such as living on through one’s children, have a generally
negative effect. Many children have suffered in their development from their
parents’ efforts to make them into carbon copies of themselves.
Individual Defenses against Death Anxiety
Any negative event or reminder of death, such as illness,
rejection, accident, or tragedy, can precipitate feelings of death anxiety,
which in turn may lead to specific, idiosyncratic defenses. These defenses are
not discrete entities, but are categorized here for the purpose of clarity.
Denial: Denying the reality of one’s finite existence is a
major defense against death anxiety. It manifests in two forms: in the pursuit
of literal immortality and symbolic immortality. Literal immortality is sought
in religion or religiosity and is the key defense that negates the obvious
scientific conclusion that human beings die like other species and that there
is no proof of an afterlife. Monotheistic religious beliefs as well as some
pantheistic or monistic spiritual traditions offer their followers a creation
myth and version of life after death, which relieve the death anxiety that is
caused by the unknowable. Symbolic immortality is sought in living on through
one’s creative productions, one’s investment in causes, and one’s children.
However, in the latter case, children are only able to relieve or buffer
parents’ death anxiety if they adopt the cultural worldview or religious
beliefs of their parents.
Vanity—Specialness and Magical Thinking: Vanity is an
exaggerated positive view of the self that an individual uses to compensate for
feelings of inadequacy and inferiority. It represents remnants of the child’s
imagined invincibility, omnipotence, and invulnerability that live on in the
psyche. It acts as a survival mechanism at times of stress or when people
become painfully conscious of the fallibility of their physical nature and the
impermanence of life. It expresses itself in the universal belief that death
happens to someone else, never to oneself. The sense of specialness makes the
person feel immune to the fate that awaits “ordinary” human beings.
The Accumulation of Power and Wealth: In business, politics,
and organizational life in general, the drive to accumulate power and wealth is
often motivated by a misguided belief that equates power and wealth with
invincibility. People defend against death fears by attempting to gain control
over others and by achieving financial success. Although conscious fears of
death may be temporarily alleviated by these methods, the same fears still
exist on an unconscious level and can actually increase in intensity as an individual
amasses greater power.
Self-nurturing: Addictive behaviors and substance abuse
support a person’s feeling of omnipotence and contribute to a
pseudo-independent attitude of self-sufficiency. People use increasingly more
sophisticated versions of self-nourishing habits to relieve emotional pain and
existential anxiety. Indeed, the United
States is currently suffering from a prescription drug and opioid problem of
alarming proportions as individuals strive to obliterate the pain of their
existence and numb themselves to the specter of death.
Preoccupation with Pseudo-problems: Most people seem
intolerant of a simple, satisfying life and prefer to occupy their minds with
melodrama and pseudo-problems while shutting off feeling for real issues in
their lives. They often react dramatically to simple every day events with
anger, fear, and panic. While preoccupied and suffering over these less meaningful
concerns, they appear to be immune to death fears.
Addictive Couple Bonds: The destructive impact that defenses
against death anxiety have on relationships by perpetuating the formation of
self-limiting fantasy bonds has not been fully recognized. One of the things
that invariably impresses me as a clinician is the extent to which people
appear to want debilitating, conventional forms of safety, security, and
“togetherness,” yet reject genuine closeness with their loved ones. Individuals
tend to relive early childhood trauma in their present relationships and, at
the same time, maintain a fantasy that they can somehow escape death by merging
with another person.
Couples tend to act out reciprocal roles (dominant
/submissive, parent/child etc.) in their interactions. Both participate in this
damaging collusion and find it difficult to disengage because the polarized
patterns provide an illusion of safety and wholeness and eventually contribute
to a sense of immortality on an unconscious level. In coupling, they surrender
their unique points of view, sense of self, and progressively limit their
lives.
In describing how fantasies of fusion function to relieve
death anxiety, TMT researchers Hart and Goldenberg (2008) asserted, “The modern
era seems to have ushered in a spirituality of romantic love, an explicitly
human-attachment-related solution to merge with others. Modern psychodynamic
research shows that people can use romantic relations to protect themselves
from the fear of death.”
Progressive Self-Denial and Micro-Suicide: A particularly
insidious defense against death anxiety is one termed
micro-suicide: the commission of small “suicides” on a daily basis to achieve
mastery over death. The universal tendency in “normal” individuals to be more
or less self-destructive is not due to a death instinct; rather, it represents
a formidable defense against the fear of death. By withdrawing feeling and
positive energy from personal pursuits and goal-directed activity, individuals
reduce their vulnerability to the anticipated loss of self through death.
Ironically, by deadening themselves in advance, people barely notice the transition
from living to dying.
Methods for Coping with Death Anxiety
Because there is no ultimate solution to the conundrum of
death, when existential fears surface, people would ideally take time to face
the reality of their mortality, identify and express the accompanying emotions
of fear, sadness, and anger, and find a way to communicate their attitudes and
thoughts with others. Many professionals suggest that talking about death
anxiety with a friend or colleague while allowing a free flow of feelings can
be especially helpful. Nevertheless, this may be difficult or largely
unavailable because so many people are intolerant of the subject. Fortunately,
it is possible to address the issue in psychology and philosophy courses,
organized seminars and workshops, and in individual and group psychotherapy
sessions.
As people expand their awareness of aloneness and existential
issues of life and death, contemplate the essential dilemma and mystery of
existence, and face their emotional pain, they generally develop a deeper and
more abiding respect for other people’s feelings and well-being, as well as
their own.
These sentiments are translated into acts of kindness, sensitivity,
and compassion toward other people who cross their path. When we challenge our
defensive reactions to death anxiety, we are better able to confront death with
equanimity, feel more aware, live in the present, and experience both the joy
and pain of existence without resorting to fantasy and illusion. In becoming
more open and vulnerable, we are able to more fully embrace love and the spirit
of life.
See you all tomorrow.
Buh-bye.
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